Icd 10 Code For Insulin Dependent Diabetes Type 1 – Center’s Open Access Program on Special Topics Guidelines for Research Design and Research Ethics Article Payment Arrangement Special Awards
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Icd 10 Code For Insulin Dependent Diabetes Type 1
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Received: June 29, 2020 / Revised: July 26, 2020 / Accepted: July 28, 2020 / Published: July 30, 2020
In this research, we discuss the task of automatically classifying medical documents into the taxonomy of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), using deep neural networks. The literature in this area includes a variety of techniques. We will test and compare the effectiveness of these techniques in different settings and investigate which combination produces the best results. Additionally, we introduce a hierarchical component that uses information from the ICD taxonomy. All methods and their combinations are tested on two publicly available databases representing ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes, respectively. The test leads to a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the models.
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The International Classification of Diseases (ICD), approved by the World Health Organization, is a standard diagnostic classification for clinical and research purposes in the field of medicine. The ICD describes the universe of diseases, disorders, injuries and other related health conditions, listed in a broad and hierarchical manner. ICD coding enables easy storage, retrieval and analysis of health information for evidence-based decision making; share and compare healthcare information across hospitals, regions, settings and countries; and comparison of data from the same site at different times (https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/). The ICD is updated periodically to incorporate changes in the medical field. Today, there are 11 revisions of the ICD taxonomy, of which ICD-9 and ICD-10 are the most studied when it comes to their automatic assignment in medical documents. In this article, we compare state-of-the-art neural network methods for classifying medical reports written in natural language (in this case English) according to ICD categories.
ICD coding of medical records has been a research topic for many years [1]. Hospitals must record their patient visits with ICD codes to comply with the law and receive government funding or reimbursements from insurance companies. When the documents are in free text form, this process is done manually. Automating (part of) this process will greatly reduce the administrative work.
In this paper, we compare the performance of several deep learning-based methods for ICD-9 and ICD-10 coding. ICD-9 codes consist of at least five digits. The first three numbers represent the highest category of diseases, the fourth number restricted to specific diseases, and the fifth number differentiates between specific types of diseases. This results in a hierarchical taxonomy with four levels below the root node. The first layer (
) corresponds to the first number 3, 4, or 5 of the ICD code as shown in the upper part of Figure 1. In the lower part of this figure, a concrete example of the code is shown.
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In this article, we review current deep learning methods for ICD-9 coding. In particular, we focus on teaching the representation that the methods perform.
Trials with ICD-9 were performed on the MIIC-III data set [2]. This database contains more than 50,000 patient discharge summaries from US hospitals. These summaries are in free text format and are labeled with the corresponding ICD-9 codes, an example snippet is shown in Figure 2. Most download summaries are written in several categories, leading to a parameter multiclass and multilabel for category prediction.
The codes from the ICD-10 version are very similar to those from the ICD-9. The main difference is that they include up to seven characters where at least the first three are always present, the last four are optional. The first letter is a capital letter of the alphabet, all other letters are numbers. The first three characters indicate the diagnostic category, and the next three characters indicate the etiology, anatomic site, severity, or other clinical details. The seventh character indicates addition. An example of the structure of the ICD-10 is shown in Figure 3, we see the same diagnosis as Figure 1, but in ICD-10 instead of ICD-9.
Experiments with the ICD-10 were performed on the CodiEsp dataset, which is publicly available. This database contains a summary of 1000 patient discharges in Spain. The documents are in free text format, automatically translated into English from Spanish, and are handwritten with ICD-10 codes by healthcare professionals.
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The deep learning methods we discuss in this paper include distributed neural network architecture including convolutional and neural networks. It is explored how they can be extended with appropriate methods of observation and loss functions and how the hierarchical structure of the ICD taxonomy can be used. ICD-10 coding is more challenging, as in the dataset we used for our experiments, the ICD coding model has to deal with handwritten training data.
In our work we seek to answer the following research questions. What are the current neural network methods for synthesis extraction? How do they compare to each other in terms of performance? What combination of techniques gives the best results for a public data set? We estimate the following claims. (1) A combination of self-ignoring and convolutional layers produces the best classification results. (2) In the case of sub-forming samples in each category, attention to the expression vectors of the target categories improves the results. (3) Applying a clear hierarchical taxonomy to the model improves classification in small data. A very important contribution of our work is a comprehensive review and comparison of deep learning models for ICD-9 and ICD-10 currently available in the literature.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, related work related to the research carried out will be discussed. Section 3 will describe in detail the data sets used in the experiments and how these data were pre-processed. Comparative deep learning methods are described in Section 4. These methods are tested on datasets in different areas and all results are reported in Section 5. The most important results will be discussed in Section 6. Finally, we conclude with some advice for the future. google.
The best and most recent advances in the classification of medical reports by common codes will be described in this section.
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Larkey and Croft [3] were the first to apply machine learning techniques to ICD coding. Various methods including k-nearest neighbor estimator, correlation coefficient and Bayesian classifier are applied to patient discharge tests. The authors found that a combination of models produced good results. At that time, and even later, one tried methods of measuring models based on the rule, often expressed as a regular expression (see, for example, in [4]). Farkas et al. [5] proposed a hybrid system that is based partly on manually generated rules and partly on machine learning. Finally, the authors compare the decision tree learner with a multinomial logistic regression algorithm. The system is evaluated on data from the CMC Challenge on Clinical Free Text Classification Using Natural Language Processing, support vector machines (SVM) were also a popular way to assign codes to clinical free text (see, for example, in [6] that evaluate). features using SVM of the n-gram term in the MIIC-II dataset). A systematic review of previous automated clinical coding systems can be found in [7]. The authors of [8] show that datasets of different sizes and different numbers of different codes require different training methods. For small data sets, it is important to choose the right features. The authors evaluated the performance of ICD coding in a dataset containing more than 70,000 electronic medical records (EMRs) from the University of Kentucky Medical Center (UKY) that were coded for ICD-9. Combining a selection of both structured and unstructured features